FullReads

The Six Texts were these:–

1. The great “Ellesmere” MS. (so called after its owner, the Earl of Ellesmere). “The finest and best of all the MSS. now extant.”

2. The “Hengwrt” MS., belonging to Mr. William W.E. Wynne, of Peniarth; very closely agreeing with the “Ellesmere.”

3. The “Cambridge” MS. Gg 4.27, in the University Library. The best copy in any public library. This also follows the “Ellesmere” closely.

4. The “Corpus” MS., in the library of Corpus Christi College, Oxford.

5. The “Petworth” MS., belonging to Lord Leconfield.

6. The “Lansdowne” MS. in the British Museum. “Not a good MS., being certainly the worst of the six; but worth reprinting owing to the frequent use that has been made of it by editors.”

In his Introduction, Professor Skeat enumerates no fewer than fifty-nine MSS. of the Tales: but of these the above six (and a seventh to be mentioned presently) are the most important. The most important of all is the “Ellesmere”–the great “find” of the Six-Text Edition. “The best in nearly every respect,” says Professor Skeat. “It not only gives good lines and good sense, but is also (usually) grammatically accurate and thoroughly well spelt. The publication of it has been a great boon to all Chaucer students, for which Dr. Furnivall will be ever gratefully remembered…. This splendid MS. has also the great merit of being complete, requiring no supplement from any other source, except in a few cases when a line or two has been missed.”

Professor Skeat has therefore chiefly employed the Six-Text Edition, supplemented by a seventh famous MS., the “Harleian 7334”–printed in full for the Chaucer Society in 1885–a MS. of great importance, differing considerably from the “Ellesmere.” But the Professor judges it “a most dangerous MS. to trust to, unless constantly corrected by others, and not at all fitted to be taken as the basis of a text.” For the basis of his text, then, he takes the Ellesmere MS., correcting it freely by the other seven MSS. mentioned.

Now, as fate would have it, in the year 1888 Dr. Furnivall invited Mr. Alfred W. Pollard to collaborate with him in an edition of Chaucer which he had for many years promised to bring out for Messrs. Macmillan. The basis of their text of the Tales was almost precisely that chosen by Professor Skeat, i.e. a careful collation of the Six Texts and the Harleian 7334, due preponderance being given to the Ellesmere MS., and all variations from it stated in the notes. “A beginning was made,” says Mr. Pollard, “but the giant in the partnership had been used for a quarter of a century to doing, for nothing, all the hard work for other people, and could not spare from his pioneering the time necessary to enter into the fruit of his own Chaucer labors. Thus the partner who was not a giant was left to go on pretty much by himself. When I had made some progress, Professor Skeat informed us that the notes which he had been for years accumulating encouraged him to undertake an edition on a large scale, and I gladly abandoned, in favor of an editor of so much greater width of reading, the Library Edition which had been arranged for in the original agreement of Dr. Furnivall and myself with Messrs. Macmillan. I thought, however, that the work which I had done might fairly be used for an edition on a less extensive plan and intended for a less stalwart class of readers, and of this the present issue of the Canterbury Tales is an instalment.”[B]

So it comes about that we have two texts before us, each based on a collation of the Six-Text edition and the Harleian MS. 7334–the chief difference being that Mr. Pollard adheres closely to the Ellesmere MS., while Professor Skeat allows himself more freedom. This is how they start–

“Whán that Apríllė with híse shourės soote
The droghte of March hath percėd to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licóur
Of which vertú engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eck with his swetė breeth
Inspirėd hath in every holt and heeth
The tendrė croppės, and the yongė sonne
Hath in the Ram his halfė cours y-ronne,
And smalė fowelės maken melodye
That slepen al the nvght with open eye,–
So priketh hem Natúre in hir coráges,–
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages …”